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J Neurovirol ; 30(1): 1-21, 2024 Feb.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38280928

Opioid overdose deaths have dramatically increased by 781% from 1999 to 2021. In the setting of HIV, opioid drug abuse exacerbates neurotoxic effects of HIV in the brain, as opioids enhance viral replication, promote neuronal dysfunction and injury, and dysregulate an already compromised inflammatory response. Despite the rise in fentanyl abuse and the close association between opioid abuse and HIV infection, the interactive comorbidity between fentanyl abuse and HIV has yet to be examined in vivo. The HIV-1 Tat-transgenic mouse model was used to understand the interactive effects between fentanyl and HIV. Tat is an essential protein produced during HIV that drives the transcription of new virions and exerts neurotoxic effects within the brain. The Tat-transgenic mouse model uses a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-driven tetracycline promoter which limits Tat production to the brain and this model is well used for examining mechanisms related to neuroHIV. After 7 days of fentanyl exposure, brains were harvested. Tight junction proteins, the vascular cell adhesion molecule, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-ß were measured to examine the integrity of the blood brain barrier. The immune response was assessed using a mouse-specific multiplex chemokine assay. For the first time in vivo, we demonstrate that fentanyl by itself can severely disrupt the blood-brain barrier and dysregulate the immune response. In addition, we reveal associations between inflammatory markers and tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier.


Blood-Brain Barrier , Fentanyl , HIV-1 , Mice, Transgenic , Neuroinflammatory Diseases , tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus , Animals , Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism , Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology , Blood-Brain Barrier/virology , Mice , Fentanyl/pharmacology , HIV-1/drug effects , HIV-1/genetics , tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics , tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism , Neuroinflammatory Diseases/genetics , Neuroinflammatory Diseases/pathology , Neuroinflammatory Diseases/virology , HIV Infections/virology , HIV Infections/genetics , HIV Infections/pathology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism , Tight Junction Proteins/metabolism , Tight Junction Proteins/genetics , Humans , Brain/drug effects , Brain/virology , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Opioid-Related Disorders/genetics , Opioid-Related Disorders/pathology , Opioid-Related Disorders/metabolism
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